The large diversity of grapevine cultivars includes genotypes more tolerant to water deficit than others. Widely distributed cultivars, like Merlot, are more sensitive to water deprivation than local cultivars like Callet, which are more adapted to water deficit due to their Mediterranean origin. Despite their tolerance, adaptation to water deficit influenced by grafting in rootstocks like 110 Richter is key to facing drought in vineyards, defining the scion–rootstock relationship. To understand these differences, we explored transcriptomic, metabolic, hormonal and physiological responses under three levels of water deficit (mild, high, and extreme), using 110 Richter as the rootstock in both cultivars. Results revealed that sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) is essential for water deficit tolerance in the aerial part, guiding root responses. Callet/110 Richter activates more gene expression patterns in response to ABA, reducing water loss compared to Merlot/110 Richter in both aerial and root parts. This modulation in Callet/110 Richter involves regulating metabolic pathways to increase cell turgor, reducing photosynthesis, and producing molecules like polyphenols or flavonoids to respond to oxidative stress. In contrast, Merlot/110 Richter shows a lack of specific response, especially in the roots, indicating less resilience to water stress. Therefore, selecting genotypes more sensitive to ABA and their interaction with rootstocks is key for managing vineyards in future climate change scenarios.

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